The ARON-1 study investigated the efficacy of 1L treatment with TKIs versus IO-based combinations in patients with pRCC. The investigators found significant differences in OS and recurrence-free survival across the histological subtypes. RMC has a 3-year survival rate of less than 5% and responds poorly to other treatments for renal malignancies. Dr. Wei helped uncover genetic, transcriptional, and immune differences in TFE3-rearranged RCC versus papillary, ccRCC. A new study on the prognostic value of perinephric fat, renal sinus fat, and renal vein invasion in patients with pT3a RCC. Dr. Plimack comments on long-term survival data from nivolumab/ipilimumab in the CheckMate 214 study as well as other data. Researchers noted that following first-line TKI therapy, effective subsequent treatment options for nccRCC were unclear. The panel talks about non-clear cell kidney cancer, including treatment options and clinical trial data in this subgroup. A Merit Award-winning abstract offered insight into differences in RCC susceptibility and implications for genetic screening. While advances have improved understanding of molecular targets, optimal management of nccRCC remains unclear. Black patients had a lower survival rate compared with White patients, and they experienced a sharp decline in survival. As one of the most aggressive forms of kidney cancer, there is a need for new treatment strategies for RMC. Drs. Rini and Plimack discuss "impressive" non-clear cell RCC data. Drs. Lee and McKay discuss the latest data on KEYNOTE-B61 for first-line lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab for nccRCC. The largest analysis of outcomes for patients with sarcomatoid or rhabdoid metastatic nccRCC treated with IO-based regimens. Dr. Msaouel shares his journey to becoming a world expert in RMC and the clinical trial work he led to improve outcomes. Dr. Rini provided an overview of nccRCC, including data pertaining to response to IO monotherapy and IO/TKI combinations. The panel shares how they treat frontline papillary kidney cancer. Dr. Msaouel provides an overview of the molecular characteristics and treatment for nccRCC, with a particular focus on RMC. Researchers presented the largest retrospective characterization of localized RCC with sarcomatoid dedifferentiation.